| Working Principle |
Transfers heat directly to floors, walls, and occupants through radiation. |
Heats air and circulates it throughout the room using ducts or blowers. |
| Comfort Quality |
Provides uniform warmth without drafts or hot spots; feels natural and consistent. |
Uneven temperature distribution with warm ceilings and cold floors. |
| Air Movement & Hygiene |
Minimal air circulation prevents dust, allergens, and bacteria movement — ideal for cleanrooms and healthcare. |
High air movement spreads dust and microbes, reducing indoor air quality. |
| Energy Efficiency |
Operates efficiently at low water temperatures (35–45°C); saves up to 40% energy. |
Requires higher air or water temperatures (60–80°C); higher energy consumption. |
| System Noise |
Completely silent operation; no fans or blowers. |
Generates noticeable fan noise and vibration. |
| Control & Zoning |
Advanced thermostatic or IoT-based zone control for precise comfort and reduced wastage. |
Centralized control; limited zoning and higher energy losses. |
| Integration with Renewables |
Works seamlessly with heat pumps, solar thermal, and other renewable sources. |
Limited compatibility with low-temperature renewable systems. |
| Indoor Air Quality |
Maintains natural humidity and fresh air balance when paired with a DOAS system. |
Often leads to dry, stuffy air and reduced oxygen levels. |
| Maintenance Requirement |
Low maintenance — few moving parts, long system life. |
Frequent filter cleaning, duct maintenance, and mechanical servicing. |
| Aesthetic Integration |
Hidden under floor/ceiling installation; completely invisible. |
Requires vents, ducts, and visible equipment. |
| Return on Investment (ROI) |
Higher initial cost, but faster payback through major energy savings and low maintenance. |
Lower initial cost, but higher lifetime energy and maintenance expenses. |